Mi’kmaq Star Lore about the Great Bear

 

The following account is excerpted from 'The Celestial Bear' by Stansbury Hagar in the 'Journal of American Folk-Lore', 1900. Vol XII, April-June. He says he was told the story by ‘the Mi’kmaqs of Nova Scotia, as we sat beside the camp-fire in the glorious summer evenings of that land, and pointed out overhead the stars of which they spoke.’ NB: the correct pronunciation of Mi'kmaq is 'Meeg-em-ach'. All additions in square brackets are by me.

 

"The stars of Ursa Major seem to have been called the Bear over nearly the whole of the North American continent... as far north as Point Barrow, as far east as Nova Scotia, as far west as the Pacific coast, and as far south as the Pueblos.

The Bear [in Mi’kmaq Muin, pronounced Moo-een] is represented by the four stars in the bowl of what we call the Dipper. Behind are seven hunters who are pursuing her, all of whom are named for birds. Close behind the second hunter is a little star. This is the pot he is carrying so that when the bear is killed, he can cook the meat in it. Just above these hunters a group of smaller stars form a pocket-like figure: this is the cave or den from which the bear has emerged.

Late in spring, the bear wakes from her long winter sleep, leaves her rocky den [Corona Borealis, marked Corona on the star map] and descends in search of food. Instantly the sharp-eyed Chickadee [Mi’kmaq: Chŭgegéss] perceives her, and being too small to pursue her alone, brings his pot and calls the other hunters to his aid. [The Chickadee is the brighter element of a naked-eye double star, Mizar, with its dimmer companion Alcor. Alcor is the pot! ] 

Together the seven hunters start after the bear, hungry for meat after the short rations of winter, and they follow her eagerly, but all summer the bear flees across the northern horizon and the chase continues. In the autumn, one by one the hunters in the rear begin to lose the trail. First the two owls, the Screech Owl [Ku’ku’gwes] and the little Saw-whet Owl [Kōpkéj] heavier and clumsier of wing than the other birds, disappear from the chase. But you must not laugh when you hear how Kōpkéj, the smaller owl, failed to secure a share of the bear meat, and you must not imitate his rasping cry, for if you do you can be sure that wherever you are, as soon as you are asleep he will descend from the sky with a birch-bark torch and set fire to your clothing. Next, the Blue Jay [Wōlōwej] and the Pigeon [Pŭlés] also lose the trail and drop out of the chase. This leaves only the Robin [Gapjagwej], the Moose-bird [Mi’kjagogwej], and the Chickadee to continue the hunt, and at last in mid-autumn they overtake their prey.

At bay, the Bear rises up on her hind legs and prepares to fight, but the Robin shoots her with an arrow and she falls over upon her back. Eager with hunger, the Robin leaps on his victim and becomes covered with blood which, flying to a nearby maple tree he shakes off on to the leaves, all except one spot on his breast. And this is why each autumn we see the forests of the earth becoming red, especially the maples,  because trees on the earth follow the appearance of trees in the sky, and the sky maple received most of the blood. The sky is just the same as the earth, only up above, and older.

Some time after all this happened to the Robin, the Chickadee arrived on the scene. The two birds cut up the Bear, built a fire and placed some of the meat upon it. Just as they were about to eat, the Moose-bird caught up with them. He had almost lost the trail, but when he found it again he had not hurried, knowing that it would take his companions some time to prepare the meat and cook it, and he did not mind missing the work so long as he arrived in time to eat his share. And this worked so well for him, that ever since he he has not bothered to hunt for himself, preferring to follow other hunters and share their spoils, and so whenever a bear or moose or other animal is killed in the woods, he turns up to demand his share. This is why the other birds call him Mi’kjagogwej – He who comes in at the last moment – and the Mi’kmaq say there are some men who ought to be called that, too.

However, the Robin and the Chickadee, being generous, willingly shared their food with the Moose-bird: the Robin and the Moose-bird danced around the fire while the Chickadee stirred the pot.

But the story of the Bear does not end here. All winter long her skeleton lies upon its back in the sky, but her life-spirit has entered another bear who also lies asleep upon her back, invisible in the Den and sleeping the winter sleep. When spring comes round, this bear too will emerge, again the Seven Hunters will follow her, and the endless cycle will continue."

Stansbury Hagar goes on to point out that the actions of the birds and animals in this story represent the yearly movement across the night sky of the constellations of Ursa Major, Bootes and Corona Borealis as seen from the latitude of Nova Scotia.

 

Picture credits:

Painting of Mi'kmaq settlement, Artist unknown, Nova Scotia Archives: Wikimedia Commons

Star Map - out of Patrick Moore's Naked Eye Astronomy, marked up by me.  

Muin and the Seven Hunters by Sana Kavanagh,  http://www.integrativescience.ca/uploads/articles/Green-Teacher-2009-Two-Eyed-Seeing-Integrative-Science%28legends-meanings-levels%29.pdf

Folklore Snippets: Thorsten and the Dwarf

 

 

Perhaps this is more of a fairytale snippet than a folklore snippet. The picture, which I rather like, is an imaginary reconstruction of Leif Eriksson's first glimpse of 'Vinland' painted by Christian Krohg (1893). The story hasn't anything to do with that, except that it's set in Vinland. It's a very tall tale of dwarfs and dragons, which I found in Thomas Keighley’s ‘Fairy Mythology’ (1828). Keightley claims it was taken from ‘Thorston’s Saga’ [sic]; I assume by this he means 'The Saga of Thorstein Vikingsson' which is similar in style - non-historical and full of adventures, sorcery and entertaining magical occurances - but I haven’t in fact been able to locate it there. If anyone knows, please enlighten me! Whatever its source, I love the laconic closing line. 

[Edited to add: the knowledgeable Simon Roy Hughes of the blog Norwegian Folk Tales has come to my aid to say, 'There are a few Thorsteins in the sagas. You’re looking for the third chapter of “The Tale of Thorstein Bæjamagn” (Þorsteins Þáttr Bæjarmagns) in the Heimskringla'. Interestingly, the dragon seems to be a 19th century mistranslation of Ørn (eagle) for 'Orm' (worm, dragon); unless perhaps the manuscript is unclear.]

 

When spring came, Thorsten made ready his ship and put twenty-four men on board of her. When they came to Vinland, they ran her into a harbour, and every day he went on shore to amuse himself.

            He came one day to an open part of the wood, where he saw a great rock, and a little way out from it a Dwarf, who was horridly ugly and was looking up over his head with his mouth wide open; and it appeared to Thorsten that it ran from ear to ear, and that the lower jaw came down to his knees. Thorsten asked him why he was acting so foolishly.

            ‘Do not be surprised, my good lad,’ replied the Dwarf; ‘do you not see that great dragon that is flying up there? He has taken off my son, and I believe that it is Odin himself that has sent the monster to do it. But oh, I shall burst and die if I lose my son.’

            Then Thorsten shot at the dragon and hit him under one of the wings, so that he fell dead to the earth; but Thorsten caught the Dwarf’s child in the air, and brought him to his father.

            The Dwarf was exceedingly glad, and rejoiced more than anyone could tell, and he said, ‘A great benefit have I to reward you for, who are the deliverer of my son; and now choose your recompense in gold and silver.’

            ‘Cure your son,’ said Thorsten, ‘but I am not used to take rewards for my services.’

            ‘It would not be right,’ said the Dwarf, ‘if I did not reward you; and do not think my shirt of sheeps’ wool, which I will give you, a contemptible gift, for you will never be tired when swimming, or ever get a wound, if you wear it next to your skin.’

            Thorsten took the shirt and put it on, and it fitted him well, though it had appeared too short for the Dwarf. The Dwarf now took a gold ring out of his purse and gave it to Thorsten, telling him that he should never want for money while he kept that ring. He next took a black stone and gave it to Thorsten and said, ‘If you hide this stone in the palm of your hand, no one will see you. And now I have few more things to offer that would be of value to you, but I will give you this fire-stone for your amusement.’

            He took the stone out of his purse, and with it a steel point. The stone was triangular, white on one side and red on the other, and a yellow border ran around it. The Dwarf said, ‘If you prick the white side of the stone with the point, there will come on such a hailstorm that no one will able to see through it; but if you want to stop this shower, you have only to prick the yellow part, and there will come so much sunshine that the hail will melt away. But if you should prick the red side, out of it will come such fire, sparking and crackling, that no one will be able to look at it. You can get whatever you want from this point and stone: and they will come back to you by themselves when you call them.

            ‘I can now give you no more such gifts.’

            Thorsten thanked the Dwarf for his presents and returned to his men, and it was better for him to have made this voyage than to have stayed at home.